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Gold Standard Test - Shaw et al. 2009

This is the simulation setup designed to replicate the so called "Gold Standard" sled test first described by Shaw et al. (2009). The full reference is provided at the end of this document.

Known issues

  • Belt
  • In some cases, we noticed the belt folding in on itself. We are testing an additional belt self contact as a potentially simple remedy.
  • The belt routing is not ideal in some cases. We are investigating this.
  • Head trajectory: there is an initial difference in Z-direction. In the PMHS tests, the head was taped to stay in position before the test. This tape rips when loading is applied. However, this could potentially affect the initial trajectory. As of now, no measures to replicate this are planned.

PMHS reference data overview

There are three variants of the sled setup, which is commonly referred to as "Gold Standard Test". The setups differ in terms of crash pulse, belt load limiter and the target PMHS anthropometry. The table below provides an overview of the differences.

Setup type Abbreviation Speed Load limiter PMHS anthropometry (target)
Gold Standard 1 GS1 40 None average male
Gold Standard 2 GS2 30 3 kN average male
Gold Standard 2.1 GS2.1 30 2 kN small female

The data recorded with the individual PMHS used in these tests are available from the NHTSA biomechanics database (see links in the References section). Their characteristics are provided in the table below.

Setup Test PMHS ID Sex Age
[years]		 Body Mass
[kg]		 Stature
[mm]		 Seated Height
[mm]		 Notes
GS1 1294 411 male 76 70.0 1780 NaN ?
GS1 1295 403 male 47 68.0 1770 NaN ?
GS1 1358 425 male 54 79.0 1770 NaN Excellent condition
GS1 1359 426 male 49 76.0 1840 NaN Excellent condition
GS1 1360 428 male 57 64.0 1750 NaN Minimal degenerative changes in spine
GS1 1378 443 male 72 81.0 1840 NaN Weak ribcage cartilage. Cartilage fractured upon installation of mount on left rib 4. Upper mounts installed bilaterally on 5th ribs. Mild lumbar scoliosis concave to the right.
GS1 1379 433 male 40 88.0 1790 NaN Degenerative disease of the spine. Torso and neck skin and soft tissue stiffened by topical embalming gel. Internal organs were unaffected.
GS1 1380 441 male 37 78.0 1800 NaN Ribcage stiffness, as assessed qualitatively by palpation, was lower in comparison to the other subjects. Minimal degenerative changes in spine.
GS2 S0028 494 male 59 68.0 1780 1120.0 BMD T-Score:-2.3, high fracture risk
GS2 S0029 492 male 66 70.0 1790 1130.0 BMD T-Score:-1.1, moderate fracture risk
GS2 S00302 674 male 67 68.0 1770 980.0 ?
GS2 S00303 736 male 67 68.0 1730 940.0 Abdominal surgery soon before death. Right hip replacement. Left humerus dislocated at shoulder.
GS2 S00304 695 male 74 70.0 1830 1050.0 Excellent spine bone quality
GS2.1 S0209 509 female 75 36.7 1486 833.0 BMD T-Score: -2.4, osteopenic
GS2.1 S0210 517 female 95 30.8 1550 842.0 BMD T-Score:-3.5, osteoporotic
GS2.1 S0211 568 female 57 39.5 1615 1035.0 BMD T-Score:-2.6, osteoporotic
GS2.1 S0212 656 female 88 54.4 1640 1074.0 BMD T-Score:-1.4, osteopenic
GS2.1 S0213 657 female 65 46.7 1515 877.0 BMD T-Score: -3.4, osteoporotic, cervical spine abnormalities"
GS2.1 S0370 667 female 72 39.5 1535 907.0 BMD T-Score:-2.7, osteoporotic
GS2.1 S0371 729 female 89 43.6 1650 964.0 BMD T-Score:-4.9, osteoporotic
GS2.1 S0372 741 female 58 28.2 1510 900.0 BMD T-Score:-0.4, normal
GS2.1 S0373 820 female 72 55.9 1630 904.0 BMD T-Score:1.2, normal, Specimen had 0.84 kg of breast tissue removed during preparation before this mass was measured
GS2.1 S0374 822 female 69 46.8 1600 954.0 BMD T-Score:0.5, normal

Instructions

Follow the General Instructions for setting up your simulations. Make sure that all required outputs are available in the simulation output files (e.g. binout) in an appropriate time frequency!

A detailed guide with illustrations is provided in Documentation.pdf.

Please report all new issues you encounter.

Directory structure

Jupyter notebook for postprocessing results using Dynasaur: Shaw_2009_assessment

│   00_Master_Sled.k
│   Documentation_Sled.pdf
│   LICENSE
│   README.md
│   Shaw_2009_assessment.ipynb
│   Version_vX.X.X.md
│
├───data
│   ├───examples
│   │
│   ├───experiment
│   │   ├───30kph_2kN
│   │   │
│   │   ├───30kph_3kN
│   │   │
│   │   └───40kph_notForceLimited
│   │
│   ├───metadata
│   │   │   00_Shaw_testbed_ID.def
│   │   │   00_THUMS_v4.1_50M_IDs.def
│   │   │   01_units_ms_mm_kg.def
│   │   │   01_units_s_mm_ton.def
│   │   │   02_quality_criteria.def
│   │   │   04_testbed.def
│   │   │   05_HBM_deflection.def
│   │   │   06a_HBM_ribs_visualisation.def
│   │   │   06_HBM_ribs_criteria.def
│   │   │   07a_HBM_ribs_NFR_risk_Larsson_2021.def
│   │   │   07c_HBM_THUMS_50M_ribs_NFR_risk_Forman2022_3plus.def
│   │   │   ls_user_function.py
│   │
│   ├───processed
│   │   ├───figures
│   │   └───sim_results
│   │
│   └───reference
│
├───sim_results
│       _copy_your_binouts_here.txt
│
├───_env
│       00_Database_Control.k
│       01_Testbed.k
│       02_Belt.k
│       02_Belt_rotated.k
│       03_Boundary_Condition.k
│       04_Position_springs.k
│       05_Calculations.k
│
└───_HBM
        _copy_your_HBM_includes_here.txt

Load case specific outputs

Time-history data:

  • Energies
  • Total energy
  • Internal energy
  • Kinetic energy
  • Hourglass energy
  • Added mass (when using mass scaling)
  • Percent increase of added mass
  • Load cell (cross-sectional) forces
  • Seat X, Z
  • Knee support X, Z
  • Foot support X, Z
  • Belt forces
  • Shoulder belt
  • Lap belt
  • HBM
  • X, Y, and Z coordinates of the nodes in the following locations (cf. documentation slides)
    • Head CoG
    • T1
    • T8
    • L2
    • Pelvis
  • Relevant strain data for each rib over time

License

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

Copyright 2024 OVTO

Acknowledgements

The simulation model is based on the Gold Standard 2 setup in the VIVA+ validation catalog, which was created by Johan Iraeus. Specifically, the file 01_Testbed.k in the setup provided here is based on the files 00_main.key and Crandall_2013_GS2_sled_50M_env.key at the VIVA+ validation catalog.

The setups available here have been updated by the Vehicle Safety Institute at Graz University of Technology to be HBM-neutral.

This work was funded by the research project "QualiPro HBM4VT". We acknowledge the support of all sponsors:

  • DYNAmore Gesellschaft für FEM Ingenieurdienstleistungen GmbH, an Ansys Company
  • Global Human Body Models Consortium, LLC (GHBMC)
  • Humanetics
  • SAFER (represented by Autoliv Development AB and Volvo Car Corporation)
  • Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA

Special thanks to Sara Sochor for her support in accurately replicating the PMHS H-point positions and to Solveig Iris Berger Joham for her assistance in compiling the relevant reference time-history data from the NHTSA biomechanics database.

References

Shaw, G., Parent, D., Purtsezov, S., Lessley, D., Crandall, J., Kent, R., Guillemot, H., Ridella, S. A., Takhounts, E., & Martin, P. (2009). Impact response of restrained PMHS in frontal sled tests: Skeletal deformation patterns under seat belt loading. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 53, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-22-0001

The test data for the Gold Standard tests are (in part) available from the NHTSA biomechanics database: