Mid-Sternum (Kroell 1971)¶

Model validation information

• Performed by : Jobin John
• Notebook preparation: Matej Kranjec
• Reviewed by :

Added to VIVA+ Validation Catalog on 2022-06-28 by Jobin John

Version	Date	Performed by	LS-Dyna
0.3.2	2022-06-28	Jobin John	9.3.1
1.1.1	2024-05-22	Matej Kranjec	12.2.1
2.0.0	2024-10-28	Johan Iraeus	12.2.1

© 2019-2024, OpenVT Organization (OVTO)

Available openly under under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Summary:¶

The simulated outputs are compared to the corridors taken from the references of PMHS tests reported by Kroell et al., 1971, 1974 and updated by Lebarbé et al. 2021.

Kroell, C. K., Schneider, D. C., & Nahum, A. M. (1971). Impact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax. Paper 7 1 085 1, Proceedings of Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, P-39.

Kroell, C. K., Schneider, D. C., & Nahum, A. M. (1974). Impact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax II. SAE Transactions, 83, 3724–3762.

Lebarbé, M., Petit, P. (2012). New biofidelity targets for the thorax of a 50th percentile adult male in frontal impact. 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. 856-870.

Published in:¶

John, J., Klug, C., Kranjec, M., Svenning, E., Iraeus, J. (2022). "Hello, world! VIVA+: A human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection." Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.918904

Experiments by Kroell et al. (1971, 1974)¶

Information on the subjects/specimens¶

The experiments were carried out on 37 PMHS - 14 in the 1971 and 23 (20M,) in 1974 research.

For the Korell et al. 1971 the subjects age ranged from 19 to 81 years, mass from 53 to 81 kg and the height from 156 to 183 cm. The impactors had the weight between 1.6 and 23.6 kg and were propelled toward subjects with the speeds ranging from 6.2 m/s to 14.3 m/s. The smaller impactors had greater speeds. The impactors were unpadded flat round wooden forms with the diameter of 152 mm and a 12.7 mm edge radius.

For the Korell et al. 1971 the subjects age ranged from 46 to 76 years, mass from 37.2 to 94.8 kg and the height from 156 to 185 cm. The impactors had the weight of 19.5 kg and 23.1 kg and were propelled toward subjects with the speeds of 4.9 m/s and 7.2 m/s respectively. Additionally some test were carried out at 9.8 m/s.

Simulations¶

Loading and Boundary Conditions¶

4 loading configurations of front hub impacts were used. Both female and male models were impacted using a rigid hub with the diameter of 152 mm and weighing 23 kg. The impact velocities were 4.3m/s for low speed simulations and 6.7 m/s for high speed simulations.

Configuration	Impact v [m/s]	Model

1|4.3|50F| 2|6.7|50F| 3|4.3|50M| 4|6.7|50M|

Positioning¶

For the validation purposes we used seated VIVA+ 50F and 50M models rotated for 23° around Y axis to get the torso somewhat vertical. The centre of impactor was positioned at the midsternal location (4th interspace) for each model.

Simulation Energies¶

Chest Force vs Deflection¶

4.3 m/s impact¶

6.6 m/s impact¶

In [24]:

%load_ext watermark
%watermark -n -u -v -iv -w -p dynasaur

%load_ext watermark %watermark -n -u -v -iv -w -p dynasaur

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ModuleNotFoundError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[24], line 1
----> 1 get_ipython().run_line_magic('load_ext', 'watermark')
      2 get_ipython().run_line_magic('watermark', '-n -u -v -iv -w -p dynasaur')

File c:\Users\johan\anaconda3\envs\viva-env\Lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py:2480, in InteractiveShell.run_line_magic(self, magic_name, line, _stack_depth)
   2478     kwargs['local_ns'] = self.get_local_scope(stack_depth)
   2479 with self.builtin_trap:
-> 2480     result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
   2482 # The code below prevents the output from being displayed
   2483 # when using magics with decorator @output_can_be_silenced
   2484 # when the last Python token in the expression is a ';'.
   2485 if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, False):

File c:\Users\johan\anaconda3\envs\viva-env\Lib\site-packages\IPython\core\magics\extension.py:33, in ExtensionMagics.load_ext(self, module_str)
     31 if not module_str:
     32     raise UsageError('Missing module name.')
---> 33 res = self.shell.extension_manager.load_extension(module_str)
     35 if res == 'already loaded':
     36     print("The %s extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:" % module_str)

File c:\Users\johan\anaconda3\envs\viva-env\Lib\site-packages\IPython\core\extensions.py:62, in ExtensionManager.load_extension(self, module_str)
     55 """Load an IPython extension by its module name.
     56 
     57 Returns the string "already loaded" if the extension is already loaded,
     58 "no load function" if the module doesn't have a load_ipython_extension
     59 function, or None if it succeeded.
     60 """
     61 try:
---> 62     return self._load_extension(module_str)
     63 except ModuleNotFoundError:
     64     if module_str in BUILTINS_EXTS:

File c:\Users\johan\anaconda3\envs\viva-env\Lib\site-packages\IPython\core\extensions.py:77, in ExtensionManager._load_extension(self, module_str)
     75 with self.shell.builtin_trap:
     76     if module_str not in sys.modules:
---> 77         mod = import_module(module_str)
     78     mod = sys.modules[module_str]
     79     if self._call_load_ipython_extension(mod):

File c:\Users\johan\anaconda3\envs\viva-env\Lib\importlib\__init__.py:126, in import_module(name, package)
    124             break
    125         level += 1
--> 126 return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)

File <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1204, in _gcd_import(name, package, level)

File <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1176, in _find_and_load(name, import_)

File <frozen importlib._bootstrap>:1140, in _find_and_load_unlocked(name, import_)

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'watermark'

In [ ]:

%watermark --iversions

%watermark --iversions