Spinal column¶

This section of the documentation is under development

This section is being updated

An overview of the spinal column is given in this section. Modeling details of spine are given in the sections corresponding body regions

Global spine alignment¶

Seated Model

Metric	50F	Nishida et al.¹
Cervical Lordosis ( $^\circ$ )	1.5	–0.5±8.88
Thoracic Kyphosis ( $^\circ$ )	28.1	22.8±8.21
Thoracolumbar Kyphosis ( $^\circ$ )	8.0	12.5±6.29
Lumbar Lordosis ( $^\circ$ )	5.6	0.7±10.73
T1 spinopelvic inclination ( $^\circ$ )	-22.5	–23.74±3.48
T1 pelvic angle ( $^\circ$ )	47.4	33.74±8.34
Sacral Slope ( $^\circ$ )	-12.2	–16.6±9.38
Pelvic Tilt ( $^\circ$ )	69.9	65.17±8.24
C7-SVA (Sagittal Vertical Axis) (mm)	-69.5	–107.58±22.74

Cervical Lordosis : angle between inferior endplates of C2 and C7
Thoracic Kyphosis : angle between superior endplate of T5 and inferior endplate of T12
Thoracolumbar Kyphosis : angle between superior endplate of T10 and inferior endplate of L2
Lumbar Lordosis: angle between superior endplate of L1 to superior endplate of L5
C7-SVA (Sagittal Vertical Axis) : distance between the plumb line dropped from the centroid of the C7 vertebral body to the posterior border of the sacrum
T1 spinopelvic inclination (T1SPI) : angle between the vertical plumb line and the line drawn from the vertebral body center of T1 and the center of the bicoxofemoral axis
T1 pelvic angle (TPA): angle between the line from the femoral head axis to the centroid of T1 and the line from the femoral head axis to the middle of the S1 end plate
Sacral Slope (SS) : angle of sacral endplate with the horizontal plane
Pelvic Tilt (PT) : angle between line connecting hip joint axis (centroid of femur head) and mid sacral endplate and vertical line
Pelvic Incidence (PI) : line joining midpoint of the hip joint axis and mid sacral endplate and the line orthogonal to the S1 endplate

Norihiro Nishida, Tomohiro Izumiyama, Ryusuke Asahi, Hideyuki Iwanaga, Hiroki Yamagata, Atsushi Mihara, Daisuke Nakashima, Yasuaki Imajo, Hidenori Suzuki, Masahiro Funaba, Shigeru Sugimoto, Masanobu Fukushima, and Takashi Sakai. Changes in the global spine alignment in the sitting position in an automobile. The Spine Journal, 20 $4$ :614–620, apr 2020. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2019.11.016. ↩